Aftab, H., &Javeed, A. (2012).The impact of job stress on the counter-productive work behavior (CWB): A case study from the financial sector of Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4, 590-604.
Purpose
Aftab and Javeed paper’s major objective is to find out the relationship between job stress and employee counter-productive work behavior. In terms of participants, research design, methods, and data analysis, the research serves to address how stress at work can direct a worker towards counter-productive work behavior.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
In this paper a specimens of 134 workers from the telecom segment of Pakistan were selected by researchers. The occupational stress has been evaluated using three imperative measurements which include conflicts at work, physical surrounding and workload. The study uncovered that all the three variables of occupation anxiety impact employment satisfaction of workers in a negative way. The research outcomes likewise have been backed by the earlier findings such that workers who feel anxious lamented that their jobs were not fulfilling. In this study, the subjects who had encountered excessive stress due to job conflicts, physical environment and inordinate workload were less satisfied with their jobs compared to those who had less stressful moments.
This study seeks to reveal how stress at work impacts employees’ CWB. The findings of the study revealed that occupational stress among workers leads to counter production. In addition, there was adequate positive connection existing between occupational stress and workers’ CWB. These outcomes were in tandem with past studies in the sense that occupational stress drives workers towards CWB. This study strengthens the significance of employees’ job conduct.
Thoughtful Evaluation
An inference can be made based on the findings that stress experienced by workers has a significant influence on their CWB. The study is thus crucial to management teams in organizations since it points out the necessity to get rid of causes of workers’ stress in order to boost productivity.
Al-Raqadi, A., Abdul Rahim, A., Masrom, M., & Al-Riyami, B. (2015). Learning quality management for ships’ upkeep and repair environment. Asian Social Science, 11(16), 196-218.
The basic purpose of this article is to emphasize the significance of an established quality management program.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
The research is a qualitative study whereby data is collected using a questionnaire. Whereas the paper looks into other past studies and connects the entire research a streamlined structure, it similarly focuses or utilizes the ships’ maintenance and repair bolster management (SU&RSM) as a point of reference to solve issues and strategies on how to improve management skills in organizations. The study accentuates the requirement for a system in order to comprehend institutional learning and quality administration. It utilizes capability, fixation and adequacy of preparation to emphatically comprehend the association of ships’ maintenance.
Key Findings
Having fundamentally looked into other published literatures, it is vital to mention that upgrading employees’ capabilities in business is important so that the management can be in a position to set goals and achieve them within the stated timelines. Comprehension of one’s position and utilization of administrative structures and devices are both fundamental especially in unpredictable circumstances. Effective management strategies should be exercised at all times in order to improve both the quality and timing of production.
Thoughtful Evaluation
Organizations that do not embrace any type of value authorization may not be in a position to remain competitive, profitable or productive in the delivery of goods and services. Hence, quality management is an important undertaking that should not be ignored.
American Psychological Association. (2015). Stress in America. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2014/stress-report.pdf
Purpose, participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
The purpose of this study is to explore the state of stress throughout the United States alongside its effects. This research study is an online survey conducted by Poll Harris for the American Psychological Association. The survey targeted about 3000 adults who were over 18 years of age and live in the US. The parameters considered in the study included sex, age, race, region, household and education.
Key Findings
The study found out that stress gap widens with gender. For example, men report lesser stress levels than women. Women are also likely to reveal the symptoms associated with stress anytime they experience or go through stressful situations. The study also finds an association between age and stress. It is reported that the levels of stress between the middle aged individuals and older people is lower than that among youngsters. The youths find it difficult to manage stress unlike the old generation. In addition, parents and the young people face a lot of financial pressure compared to other segments of the population.
Thoughtful Evaluation
The study is imperative because it acts as a crucial model in the psychological field and health department in the United States when it comes to the endeavor to manage stress both at workplace and within American families. Through this survey, appropriate recommendations can be made on how to mitigate incidents of stress that can jeopardize workplace productivity and to thrive in good health.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309-328.
The aim of this article is to provide the cutting edge impression of the Job demands-resources model.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
Bakker and Demerouti in their research paper discuss the pros and cons of demand–control prototype and the determination-reward inequality prototype regarding the forecasted value of workers’ affairs. They further introduce a more versatile model of job demand which is discoursed in fundamental details. The paper challenges the existing anxiety models. Moreover, it traces how the JD‐R model can be connected to an extensive variety of jobs and be utilized to enhance productivity of employees and job execution.
Key Findings
The paper gives a review of the studies that have already been executed using the JD‐R model. The authors discuss each of the model’s fundamental recommendations.
The model can be utilized as an instrument for human asset administration. A double-stage methodology can be used to detect causes of employees’ declining performance at workplace.
Thoughtful Evaluation
This survey urges specialists to research the legitimacy of Job Demands‐Resources model using various work groups and in different settings. Besides, it is an eye opener since future studies ought to test if the model is compelling enough in assisting workers.
Bakotić, D., & Babić, T. (2013). Relationship between working conditions and job satisfaction: The case of Croatian Shipbuilding Company. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2), 206-213.
Purpose
The paper aims to evaluate how varied working conditions influence job satisfaction among workers.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
The paper is based on an empirical research which was done in a ship construction company in Croatia. The researchers sampled a total of 60 employees of the company whereby 30 of them work in ordinary environments while the remaining 30 work under difficult conditions. Questionnaires were administered in order to collect the necessary data for the research study in terms of the overall traits of the respondents and their responses on overall job satisfaction questions. The collected data was then tested and analyzed statistically.
Key Findings
The study findings demonstrate that there is no clear distinction in general employment satisfaction between employees who work in hardship conditions with those who work in fairly good conditions. In the case of laborers who face numerous workplace challenges, working condition is a critical element required in order to gain the feeling of job satisfaction. From the observations made, it can be noted that overall job satisfaction level does not differ significantly among workers located in different organizations or geographical settings.
Thoughtful Evaluation
The study is important since it provides a model that can assist organizations to come up with appropriate job descriptions for employees and create a conducive working environment for employees.
Britt, T., & Jex, S. (2015). Thriving under stress. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Purpose
The book aims to teach the audience how to go about stress at work and eventually thrive in productivity.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
Britt and Jex highlight practical exercises in every chapter for any reader going through the book. The exercises entail lessons on how employees can minimize factors that promote stress at work place. They authors have also outline the responsibilities of leaders in helping workers to thrive. The book highlights conditions that assist workers to cope with challenges at their work environment. The study findings are based on scientific research.
Key Findings
This book brings out the criteria on how stress can be positively exploited at any given firm. There are numerous ways of dealing with anxiety that lead or trigger stress at workplace. Some pundits view stress as a dangerous condition that ought to be avoided at all costs. There is also a category of management teams that do not perceive how workplace pressure may be utilized to encourage self-awareness, proficient improvement, and increased volume or capacity of production. In this book, Britt and Jex portray how unpleasant functioning conditions can deliver positive results when workers approach stress in a proper manner or if they concentrate on the importance and critical value of their work. Employees who recoup properly from distressing working conditions are highly likely to remain productive than those who concentrate on workplace challenges.
The authors are also emphatic that the management teams should view themselves as dynamic constructors of their workplaces. As a result, both the middle and higher level managers should perceive themselves as agents of change.
Thoughtful Evaluation
The book explores a number of do’s and don’ts when it comes to the management of stress at workplace. In particular, the authors argue that employees play a major role in the management of stress even before it reaches a point when the employer has to chip in. Moreover, coping with stress at work should be an on-going process and not merely a one-time commitment.
Campbell, K. (2015). Flexible work schedules, virtual work programs, and employee productivity (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://ezproxy.sothebysinstitute.com:2195/pqdtft/docview/1680832770/fulltextPD F/F8D04B2F498443FAPQ/1?accountid=13956
Purpose
The main purpose of the paper is to explore a number of strategies used by business leaders to promote, enhance or simulated job schedules and flexible workplace programs.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
Campbell applies a qualitative research approach in the above study. In addition, an ethnographic study has been incorporated in the paper in order to derive the much needed results. The researcher sampled out a population of 6 workers and 3 administrative managers in an international blood management solutions enterprise in the United States. During the process, data was collected using strategic focus groups, interviews, and documents derived from the organization.
Key Findings
During the study, 5 different developing themes were discovered in relation to the main research question. They included advancement of standard of life, hours of work, performance of workers, job satisfaction, cybernetic office setups and communication. Some of the themes were not well uncovered. As revealed by the findings, the dominant part of the research’s team composed of both directors and focus group members. Adaptable work routines and virtual work programs generally enhance workers value.
Thoughtful Evaluation
The study findings add to the current body of research by availing data on the relationship between virtual work schedules and adaptable work routines and workers’ efficiency. However, further research still needs to be conducted in this area of study in to solidify the findings that have already been documented on workplace stress and job satisfaction.
Cardoso, P. Q., Padovani, R., & Tucci, A. M. (2014). Analysis of stressors agents and stress expression among temporary dock workers. Estudos de Psicologia, 31(4), 507-516.
Purpose
The research study was done at Santos Port in Sao Paulo and it aimed to investigate the opinion of employees regarding stress at their respective places of work.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
The study done by three researchers namely, Tucci, Cardoso and Padovani adopted the qualitative research approach. The researchers gathered their data by simulating stress symptoms among adults and interviewing port workers. A total number of 17 employees were interviewed in the process. 10 of those who were interviewed were already stressed at work. According to the respondents, the present work arrangement enhances situations that promote the occurrence and conservation of stress. It is apparent that a direct relationship exists between anxiety and stress.
Findings and thoughtful evaluation
As indicated by the records of employees at the Port of Santos, stress has a direct bearing in the overall wellbeing and productivity of employees. This report demonstrates that unless employees are granted adequate time for relaxation and reflecting on their performance, they may continue exhibiting poor performance at workplace. In addition, it came out clearly that some temporary workers at the dock were not ready to share their experiences with the management. In fact, they opted to endure the tough working conditions largely sue to the temporary work placement. On the other hand, most of temporary dock workers did not experience the actual stressful conditions at their place of work since they partially interacted with stressors at the port.
The study is important since it uncovers the psychological and physical stressors that affect the health of workers. Such a model is helpful in developing a suitable work arrangement that can reduce stress among the employees at work.
Cevenini, G., Fratini, I., & Gambassi, R. (2012). A new quantitative approach to measure perceived work-related stress in Italian employees. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 25, 426-445.
Purpose
The paper is a research proposal based on a new method of evaluating perceived job-related stress among employees in Italy.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
The paper aims to establish a quantitative measure that can be reliably used to evaluate psychosocial health, occupational safety and occupational stress at workplace. While workplace stress is a common phenomenon in organizations, precise prevention policies should be put in place at the right time before productivity is negatively affected. The researchers propose a research method that can be used to evaluate and quantify stress alongside seeking functional preventive measures. For example, efficiency of workers and attempts to improve work quality should be a long-term commitment of management teams in organizations.
As part and parcel of data collection in the study, the researchers used suitable questionnaires. The employees targeted in the survey were Italian workers who were contacted through telephones. The sample size was also stratified. In order to fully comprehend work-related stress, a causal model was designed so as to identify common risk factors at various workplaces. Both the discriminant and cluster methods were combined during the data analysis stage. Besides, the principle component and the multivariate statistical methods were used.
Causal links of stress were explained by the model. This was made possible by allowing employees to relate the available resources and job demands at workplace and whether the two components were in tandem with each other.
Cezar-Vaz, M., de Almeida, M., Bonow, C., Rocha, L., Borges, A., & Piexak, D. (2014). Casual dock work: Profile of diseases and injuries and perception of influence on health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11, 2077-2091. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110202077
The current study purposed to examine the characteristics of illnesses and injuries that impact casual dock workers. It also aimed to investigate the general opinion of these workers in regards to unhealthy work effects on their overall wellbeing. In order to achieve these objectives, the study was approached in two broad phases. To begin with, retrospective analysis opened up the initial stage of the study this comprised of empirical research that was carried out with the past records. The total number of records used was 953. A non-random sample was utilized in the next stage of the study. A total of 51 casual workers took part in this stage.
In regards to data analysis, SPSS 19.0 was used. The mean age of the workers was 48.7 years. From the raw data gathered in the field, it was found out that the dock work experience stood at 19.6 years. It is worthy to mention that most of the workers fell within this age category in terms of experience.
Before the research study could continue further, a sample size of 527 cases was prepared. The diagnoses were purely pathologic in nature. Thereafter, the researchers highlighted the musculoskeletal system that had been affected by the diagnoses. One aspect that stood out was the outcomes to physical health generated by mishaps.
The results indicated major differences in the influence of positive work in the heart-related complications and the general health standards of families. The researchers unanimously agreed that the nature of perception by workers at the dock were related to the diagnosis obtained. The research study also concluded that preventive measures began in earnest due to the diagnosis,
This study attempts to demonstrate the fact that perception plays a major role in behavioral change of individuals or groups.
Chen, M., Huang, Y., Hou, W., Sun, C., Chou, Y., Chu, S., & Yang, T. (2014). The correlations between work stress, job satisfaction and quality of life among nurse anesthetists working in medical centers in Southern Taiwan. Nursing and Health, 2(2), 35-47. doi:10.13189/nh.2014.020203.
This empirical study aimed to examine the relationship between work stress, job satisfaction and the living standard of nurses working at the anesthetic department in a medium-sized Taiwanese healthcare institution.
The research activity used cross-sectional study plan. Those who were interviewed in the study were primarily nurse anesthetists. One of the conditions for taking part in the study was that a nurse must have worked in his or her respective job or not less than six months. Recruitment took the first three months of 2012. When it came to the process of collecting data, a structural questionnaire was used. In order to gather data in the most comprehensive manner, the questionnaire was subdivided into several useful sections based on the nature of information required from participants. The quality of life, job satisfaction, causes of job stress and personal characteristics were among the key information areas obtained from the participants in the study. 150 participants took part in the survey.
One of the most outstanding findings derived from the study was that the overall job stress was being contributed by the monthly overtime amounts. Job satisfaction among the nurses was also influenced, in one way or another, by a number of factors. For example, nurses who were already planning to resign due to stress at workplace were generally less satisfied with their jobs. It is vital to mention that significant differences were evident in all the aforementioned factors especially in relation to the degree of job stress and satisfaction.
Data analysis was carried out using multiple regressions. For individuals who were contemplating to resign from their jobs, it was found out that they had a lower quality of life than those who had no intentions to give up their jobs. In summary, the standard of living among the participants in the study was found to be affected by factors such as physical activities and plans to leave employment.
Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. New York, NY: SAGE Publications.
The purpose of this book is to delve into key elements, history and philosophical underpinnings of the five research designs and empirical inquests. The five empirical inquests include case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and narrative research.
Traditions of inquest are common themes used in qualitative research designs. The text offers a succinct comparison in the verification of results, writing narratives, data analysis, data collection, and introduction to studies. Standards of quality and how to employ them in various theoretical frameworks have also been captured in this study.
Qualitative research is more related in data about the motivations of a group as well as understanding and interpreting certain behaviors, beliefs and expectations of individuals in a population. Since it is exploratory, it serves the purpose of obtaining numbers not as results, but as insights. The latter approach is usually often unpredictable.
The most commonly used features in qualitative research are semi-structured in-depth interviews, field observation (observe consumer behavior), telephone interviews and so on.
Qualitative research is crucial in deepening knowledge that has already been quantified or when there is need to create and quantify knowledge base.
In this type of research, the work of an expert is another key feature that can be used to polish the large volume of raw information received from the field.
The sample size cannot follow statistical accuracy. However, we should have in the sample a picture of the studied population.
Qualitative research is indicated when there is a need, for example, to understand the customer’s perception about a new product, understand the choice of the popular vote and analyze the working mode of competition.
Daniel, J. (2015). Workplace spirituality and stress: Evidence from Mexico and US. Management Research Review, 38(1), 43-29. doi:10.1108/MRR-07-2013-0169.
The objective of this study is to peruse the connection between 3-D of workplace spirituality and work stress. These are the sense of community, meaningful work and inner life. The study gave special focus of the United States of America and Mexico.
In terms of the design, methodology or approach adopted, the researcher utilized a statistical tool known as structural equation modeling. Besides, the partial least squared was used to conduct the analysis with a sample size of 304 participants.
Findings
Insignificant tallies were obtained for sense of community and inner life after analyzing the data. Nevertheless, both countries demonstrated significant records for work stress and meaningful work. Both of the two measures demonstrated significant correlation to the entities that were being measured. In addition, less stress is perceived by employees who tend to engage in meaningful activities. This finding was according to the figures obtained from both Mexico and the United States.
Research limitations/implications
Quite a large number of the sample size obtained from the US comprised of employees who were working part time. Such a variation would affect the outcome on workplace spirituality. Besides, part time workers may not be subjected to the same magnitude of stress as those in full time basis. Another likely limitation is that much of the data from the United States was obtained from one region while data gathered from Mexico was countrywide.
Practical implications
Business specialists and human resource managers can use such results to comprehend the relevance o carrying out meaningful operations at workplace in order to prevent or manage workplace stress. For example, stress can be minimized at workplace by rotating employees in different work stations.
Thoughtful evaluation
A study of this type provides the best platform for studying and understanding the relationship between workplace stress and spirituality in a comprehensive manner bearing in mind that raw data was gathered from diverse sources.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W. (2001). The job demands resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499.
Two broad categories can be used to categorize working conditions according to the job demands-resources model. The two classifications are resources and demands. It is instrumental to note that the two categories are uniquely related to particular outcomes.
This study sought to correlate productivity of employees and stress. In order to avail stronger evidence for the model, both the working conditions and observer ratings were used. Self-reports were also found to be relevant in supporting the model. The burnout exhaustion components bear a direct relationship with job demands. On the contrary, disengagement is related to inadequate job resources.
Workers drawn from the transport, industry and human services sector demonstrated highly similar patterns. The total size of the sample was 374. Moreover, the 2-factor structure was confirmed the results. Before confirming the outcomes, both disengagement and exhaustion were put into consideration. In fact, the latter formed a new burnout tool. Stress itself is not a disease. Indeed, stress is a causative factor of disease. In the coming years, stress level will double. Thus, it is important to identify the early signs, causes and consequences as well as how to combat it.
Stress at workplace can also affect both the employer and employee. Therefore, the health of workers is one of the most important social issues of our time. Its relevance has grown enormously in the face of profound and rapid changes that the unswerving course of technological revolution requires each day in the capital / labor relations. In a recent descriptive research carried out in a company’s services segment in Bahia whereby 101 workers took part in the survey to assist in assessing the relationship between psychosocial factors at work and mental stress.
Dwamena, M. A. (2012). Stress and its effects on employees’ productivity: A case study of Ghana ports and harbors authority, Takoradi. Retrieved from http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/4835/1/Mark%20A.%20Dwamena.pdf
The text discusses stress at workplace and how it affects the productivity of employees. The author posits that there is a direct relationship between stress which a person is subjected to and productivity at work. At first, it may be beneficial since it plays the role of stimulating you. However, with the passage of time, it may inflict more serious harmful effects such as weakening the physical body and causing a gross drop in workplace productivity.
Minor does of stressful situations may cause a slight drop at first in the productivity of an employee. When the situation persists, stress can compromise the entire productivity level of a worker. By the way, professionals who are successful in their careers are those who can manage stress before it can generate into toxic level.
It is common knowledge that stress can compromise other domains in the life of an individual beyond just productivity at workplace. As a result, it can bring about blood circulation difficulties, decreased sexual activity, challenges in interpersonal relationships and even a major drop in strength of the immune system.
In the study material, a number of solutions in the management of stress have been proposed. In the case of routine work problems, the challenge is constant. It is therefore very important to create mechanisms to reduce the burden of stress. One of the most efficient approaches is to grant more time to pleasurable activities, devote oneself to the family, adequate leisure time and take diet rich in anti-stress nutrients. Employees should also be allowed to bond more with colleagues at workplace by attending seminars, workshops and team building exercises. Capacity building and training on various subject areas should be organized for employees on a regular basis.
Fleming, P. (2005). Workers’ playtime? Boundaries and cynicism in a “culture of fun” program. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 41(3), 285-303. doi: 10.1177/0021886305277033.
The journal article investigates the famous pattern exercised by practitioners, consultants and management academics. The latter categories of professionals often prefer boosting the productivity of employees using the culture of fun. Conventional wisdom should be used to break the wall that usually exists between the management team and junior members of staff. This can only be made a reality by introducing a friendly atmosphere between the two categories of workers in an organization. The workplace should be punctuated with humor and fun.
Traditional boundaries should be delineated alongside the introduction of managed fun. While injecting such changes at workplace, the author suggests a number of measures that can fuel success. For example, it is crucial for the management team that is acting as a change agent to be cautious enough and be able to differentiate serous work from non-work. In most cases, a pleasurable atmosphere is usually generated in relaxed environments. In the study, the author asserts that cynicism may be fuelled within the workforce if the approach is not applied with due caution. Nonetheless, interesting insights can be provided when it comes to managing boundaries between the senior and junior-level employees.
In the article, the author posits that a friendlier workplace environment that treats all employees with warmth is highly likely to experience robust productivity. As the article brings out the importance of playtime for workers, it does not necessarily imply a playful workplace environment. It basically means that employees should be allowed to share friendly time together such as during retreats and team building exercises. Groups and teams should be formed and encouraged at different departments in organizations.
Griffiths, M., Baxter, S., & Townley-Jones, M. (2011). The wellbeing of financial counselors: A study of work stress and job satisfaction. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 22(2), 41-78. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.sothebysinstitute.com:2195/docview/1018171324/fulltextPDF/64E DDBE3D4E741B9PQ/1?accountid=13956
The above research study aims to expound the challenges which financial counselors undergo while discharging their duties. The researchers observe that little public attention is evident when it comes to the roles played by financial counselors. For example, debt invariability and consumer credit are mainly geared towards errors committed by the end users of the supply chain process. In the journal article, there is a unanimous call for the concerned organizations and policy makers to cater for the needs of financial counselors bearing in mind that they greatly help the end users who are confronting financial hurdles.
The empirical research was conducted in New South Wales. The latter is known to be the most populated region in Australia. As part of the research methodology, the researchers used questionnaires to gather pertinent data from the field. Since only few respondents could be reached physically, the questionnaires were mailed to the targeted respondents. In this study, participants of the survey were financial counselors and a total of 260 respondents were interviewed.
Above 46 percent in terms of response rate was recorded in the research survey. This impressive response rate created a firm base for embarking on a detailed statistical analysis. In order to obtain the required results, both multiple regression and variance analysis were used.
Findings
The results of the study pointed out various issues touching continuing education. In addition, isolation of rural counselors and the increasing workload are part and parcel of financial counseling services and planning.
Gupta, M., Kumar, V., & Singh, M. (2014). Creating satisfied employees through workplace spirituality: a study of the private insurance in Punjab (India). Journal of Business Ethics, 12(2), 79-88. doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-1756-5.
The study explores the role played by spirituality in boosting the productivity of employees. In order to expound the aspect of spirituality, the study incorporates a case study of an insurance firm in India. From the outset, it is obvious that business professionals, academicians and researchers are rapidly embracing and adopting the concept of spirituality. It is now readily embraced in most workplaces. This implies that spirituality has the potential of impacting a workplace environment in many ways. In addition, a number of past research studies have established that job satisfaction has a direct bearing to spirituality at workplace. Some of the core values of spirituality include compassion, organizational values, sense of community and meaningful work. The research study hypothesizes how job satisfaction is influenced by each dimension.
In terms of data collection, the researchers employed a cross-sectional survey. The sample size was made up of 100 workers drawn from an insurance company. The gathered data was analyzed using correlation method. After the analysis, it was evident that all the spirituality dimensions demonstrated a positive relationship with respect to employee satisfaction on their various job roles.
For employees to gain the greatest sense of job satisfaction at workplace, a sense of community and the embraced organizational values were found to be the most important dimensions of spirituality according to the results of regression analysis.
This study will be instrumental for insurance firms to comprehend and appreciate spirituality aspect in the course of their operations. In a nutshell, promoting employee spirituality at workplace can indeed be beneficial to the robust functioning of insurance companies.
Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 415-424. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.043.
Employee wellbeing is positively affected by the distinct states of both work engagement and burnout even though the two attributes are sometimes perceived to be opposite to each other. This paper purposes to establish whether depressive symptoms have a direct bearing to work engagement and burnout. The study sought to create a clearer picture whether there are any spillover effects of work engagement and burnout when life satisfaction and symptoms of depression are brought into discussion.
The researchers also examined causal direction on the two extremes of job satisfaction. As part of the research study, three distinct studies were carried out. The first study in 2003 comprised a sample size of 3255 Finish dentists. This sample size was equivalent to 71% of all the dentists in Finland. The response rates in the consecutive studies recorded higher values of 84% and 86% with sample sizes of 2555 and 1964 respectively. In order to investigate study variables with the passage of time, the researchers dwelt on cross-legged variables. A structured equation modeling was employed.
The findings indicated that long-term general wellbeing of employees was a function of a positive wellbeing at workplace. Besides, it was concluded that work engagement and burnout are not contradictory to each other.
Hiriyappa, B. (2013). Stress management. Bloomington, IN: Booktango.
The main purpose of the book is to offer insights how stress can be generally managed both at workplace and individual level. The author points out that stress is a common occurrence across all levels of professionalism.
To begin with, the author begins by defining the concept of stress and moves ahead to explore the various types of stress as well as the various causes of stressful situations. The book has been built purely on theory and solid examples from past empirical and theoretical studies. The author introduces a rather new term known as skills for managing stress. In the end, the book concluded by juxtaposing the benefits of effective stress management skills both at workplace and in individual life.
For example, productivity at workplace due to improved performance is a direct benefit of successful stress management. Stress can be caused by the existence of conflicts, ambiguities or inefficient conflict management styles at workplace. Stress is not always a negative aspect even though it should be avoided.
All types of conflict and ambiguity are potential causes of stress. It is possible to identify three main types of causes of stress. These are:
The physical environment
The labor disputes
Working ambiguities
A high degree of stress may be caused by poor job satisfaction
There are five main categories of negative effects of stress
Subjective effects: anxiety, aggression, apathy, lack of patience, depression, fatigue, frustration, nervousness and loneliness, among others.
Behavioral effects: illegal consumption of drugs, emotional disorders, tobacco and excess alcohol, and instability
Cognitive effects: lack of concentration, inability to make decisions, and memory lapses
Physiological effects: increase in blood pressure, sweating, shortness of breath
Effects on the Organization: Distraction, bad relationships, poor productivity, poor quality of work, dissatisfaction with the job and so on.
Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Purpose
The book defines and explores different types of research. It also aims to determine the suitability of qualitative or quantitative research methods in learning process. In other words, the authors seek to establish a more powerful research tool that can be used for education purpose especially when the two research methods are put into consideration. The author also employs other mixed research methods in the analysis in order to come up with the best conclusion. The book also offers crucial comparison of research various techniques and provides specific examples on how each research method can be applied in research subjects. Research paradigms and their appropriateness in terms of application are also discussed in the book.
Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
Weak experimental models have been utilized in constructing various research models and methods described in the book. In addition, quasi experimental design has been employed to describe emerging errors in such models. Such an approach is particularly vital to individuals who rarely carry out research studies. For individuals who are charged with the role of reviewing journal articles and assess program results, the quasi-experimental design is most useful. Data analyses using various statistical methods are also discussed at length in the book.
Key Findings
From the book, it has been found out that educators still require additional knowledge in research methods and designs. The validity of findings of any research work can be hardly established without some thorough knowledge on research methods. It is vital to mention that some research findings can affect students in a negative way. Understanding both the empirical and non-empirical research methods assists learners in the process of conducting individual research studies, developing questionnaires, and writing proposals.
Thoughtful Evaluation
Program evaluation and research methods (qualitative and quantitative) can greatly benefit from the key tenets expressed in this book. Most successful empirical studies today cannot be effectively constructed with background knowledge in research methods and research design.
Kula, S., & Sahin, I. (2015). The impacts of occupational stress on the work-related burnout levels of Turkish National Police members. International Journal of Public Policy, 11(4/5/6), 169. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpp.2015.070565.
The piece of literature explores the extent to which stresses related to operations and organizations can affect the daily activities of a firm. The study also examines the degree of burn-out levels associated with law enforcement.
Research model
The study employed structural equation modeling to examine work-related burnout that is usually caused by organizational and operational difficulties in a firm. In order to execute the model successfully, a causal theory derived from Kahn and Byosiere has been integrated in the theoretical framework.
Key Findings
From the results of this study, it is evident that internal policy reform is urgently required in most contemporary organizations. It has also been established that the manner in which policies and agencies are organized by the TNP executives demands thorough change process. It is also vital to point out that work-related burnout degrees are mostly determined by organizational stressors that negatively impact TNP workers.
Thoughtful Evaluation
As much as work-related burnout may not be desirable aspect for employees, positive effects are derived from stresses related to the operations of firm.
Physical and emotional stress which employees are subjected to at workplace environment is a very significant factor that determine health disorders related to stress as is the case of depression, anxiety, panic disorder, phobias and psychogenic diseases.
Generally, the workplace environment may not lack various types of stress. For example, we may experience significant anxiety before dissatisfactions with colleagues given the workload and race against time before the salary dissatisfaction or the policy adopted by human resources department of a firm depending on an individual employee.
Various emotional factors related to work today contribute to personal stress. Examples include the feeling of job insecurity, the sense of professional failure, the pressure to prove efficiency, the continued impression of committing professional mistakes, lack of vision on social relevance at work and the perceived lack of recognition of efforts among others. All these forms of stresses are capable of contributing towards workplace burnout.
Leon, M., & Halbesleben, J. (2013). Building resilience to improve employee well-being. In A. Rossi, J. Meurs, & P. Perrewe (Eds.), Improving employee health and well- being (pp. 65-79). Charlotte, NC: IAP.
Purpose
The main purpose of this book is to offer insights on how the health and overall well being of employees can be improved at workplace. In summary, the book investigates various stress factors that may limit the overall productivity of employees. Hence, occupational health professionals can immensely benefit from the book by assisting employees manage stress elements in the most effective way.
Key Findings
Workers who are healthy are known to be more fruitful. Hence, the wellbeing of workers is duly affected by stress. The latter also leads to poor health of employees. Close to US$ 300 billion is spent every year in the US to treat conditions related to stress according to figures provided by the American Institute of Stress.
Thoughtful Evaluation
Stress is a common daily occurrence that can be hardly avoided either at home or workplace. Nevertheless, gross psychological and physical health challenges may emerge if stress levels are not controlled and brought to the minimum. This calls for proactive stress management techniques as highlighted in the book.
Stress management at workplace should be a key pathway in improving the quality of life of employees.
A stress management program at work should be taken seriously and be given the seriousness it deserves by the management. An effective stress management program should incorporate factors such as systematic assessment of stress levels among employees, increased variety of functions through the routines of rotation to avoid the monotony of repetitive work, avoiding excessive overtime, as this brings about organic wear, selecting people with physical ability to support a greater number of hours of work; improving the physical conditions of workplace environment and adoption of appropriate tools that can boost productivity. In addition, investing in personal and professional development of employees, providing opportunities for the realization of professional goals and offering symbolic bonuses to employees such as publishing photos and recognition of the Month of employees can led to significant stress reduction.
The management team should provide opportunities for employees to present ideas that improve the quality and productivity of an organization. The management should always give feedback to such ideas. Finally, the leadership of a firm ought to democratically implement some code of ethics built by the company and its employees. This code of ethics can be revised periodically.
Martin, L. A., Neighbors, H. W., & Griffith, D. M. (2013). The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: Analysis of the national comorbidity survey replication. The Journal of the American Medical Association: Psychiatry, 70, 1100-1106. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985.
Importance and purpose of the study
The present diagnostic criteria may not necessarily reveal the actual experience men go through when they are depressed. In other words, stress factors may be the same but the symptoms can be different altogether. Hence, this study seeks to unveil these mapped differences when it comes to stress that leads to depression. Specifically, the study seeks to explore the visible gender disparities when it comes to stress symptoms and management among men and women. In this case, the study digs out the relationship between the well-known conventional symptoms of depression and the alternative symptoms of the same condition.
Major Outcomes and Measures, participants, setting and design
The researchers made an assessment of gender variations in symptom endorsement. In order to obtain the most accurate results, two new scales were used in the evaluation. Within the scales, alternative signs and symptoms of depression were included. In order to improve the validity of the study, the researchers utilized informative records from National Comorbidity Survey Replication. In order to identify the likely predictors of depression, the researchers analyzed sex differences that usually come out among individuals suffering from depression. Multivariate logistic regression, 0.5 level t-tests and a two-side design-based were used as research designs and methods during the analysis.
Results
From the findings, it was found out that anger attacks/aggression were most prevalent among men compared to women. Other depressive factors that stood out among men included risk-taking behaviors and tendencies towards substance abuse. The alternative male-type depressive signs analyses indicated that the male gender is more likely to be depressed than the female gender. In fact, men recorded a 26.3% likelihood rate of being depressed while women’s rate was low at 21.9%. In both of these gender analyses, the researchers met the criteria for depression.
On the other hand, an equal depression criterion was met when the same analysis was carried out using the alternative and conventional depression signs.
Thoughtful Evaluation
It can be concluded that in regards to occurrence of depression, it is possible to do away with gender differences when both the optional and conventional symptoms are employed in a study. Nevertheless, a separate study is required to establish the specific symptoms evident among men when they are depressed.
Meško, M., Erenda, I., Videmšek, M., Karpljuk, D., Štihec, J., & Roblek., V. (2013). Relationship between stress coping strategies and absenteeism among middle- level managers. Management, 18(1), 45-57. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e604062012-318
Purpose
The key objective of the study is to investigate various signs and symptoms of stress. In addition, it aims to identify explore strategies that can be adopted to cope with stress. In order to create a link between stress and workplace attendance, the research study has highlighted the case of Slovenian middle management.
Participants, data collection, statistical analysis
A total of 211 middle-level managers were covered in the survey. Participants were drawn from both medium-sized and large organizations. During data collection, two questionnaires were used by the researchers. The first questionnaire captured data related to stress management tactics. In other words, the questionnaire was used to determine methods which employees adopt in order to manage stress at workplace. Symptoms of stress as well as stress loads data were captured in the second questionnaire.
SPSS 17.0 was used to carry out statistical analysis. From the analysis, the researchers found out that two major stress-coping strategies are employed by managers. To begin with, there are managers who prefer coping strategies that focus on the problem. On the other hand, other managers prefer coping strategies that focus on the emotions. Moreover, the analysis concluded that less absenteeism is recorded among managers who employ stress coping strategies that focus on the problem while a high level of absenteeism is evident among middle level and top managers who opt for coping strategies that focus on the emotions.
Based on the findings of the above study, researchers recommended problem-focused approaches in the management of stress among senior workers in organizations largely because such approaches are friendly to workers and do not lead into major cases of absenteeism at workplace.
Milton, C. l. (2013). The ethics of research. Nursing Science Quarterly, 26 (1), 20-23. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318412466740 .
This science journal bombards the issue of ethical research practices in all disciplines. The main purpose of the journal study is to explore the key tenets of ethics while conducting research. The author dwells on the aspect of formal research inquiry. In essence, ethical concepts are usually embedded in inquiry methods and processes used in research studies. When it comes to the professional desire to maintain ethical discipline, it goes without any debate that straight thinking ethos coupled with the significance of living ought to be part and parcel of professional practice of any other healthcare expert. In any case, the integrity of a discipline cannot be fortified in the absence of ethical practices. Better still, the best way of expanding disciplinary knowledge is by embracing ethics.
The study keenly explores nursing ethics in relation to the expected professional and ethical norms. Needless to say, aspects such as generating evidence for nursing practice, protecting human subjects as well as the integrity and scientific merit of research studies are among the epitome of nursing ethics when conducting research studies. As it turns out in the above study material, an ethical perspective can be equated to human in nursing research so as to curtail the impacts of potential implications of any given scientific or non-scientific study.
Ethics can be defined as the “science ethos” which is related to human behavior. The Greek word ethos in the plurality of this concept can also mean a ‘set of habits or basic customs’ of certain companies.
Kant sought to give a solid foundation to the conviction that exists in the transcendental field is a higher order that is capable of meeting the moral demands of human beings. Such a plea would be the ethics of law, autonomous and independent, immune to criticism of the narrow field of science. Ethics in Kantian view does not need the sensitivity of data and the ‘moral conscience’ is guaranteed. This is the reason why ethics should be applied to human practice according to the author of this study.
Naqvi, S., Khan, M., Kant, A., & Khan, S. (2013). Job stress and employees’ productivity; case of Azad Kashmir public health sector. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5, 525-543. Retrieved from http://journal- archieves34.webs.com/525-542.pdf.
The study aims to identify and explore numerous and diverse causes of job stress among employees. Moreover, effects of the said job stress are also analyzed in the study. It is common knowledge that the output of employees is grossly and directly affected in the event of job stress. While some managers in organizations may attempt to delink productivity and workplace stress, the truth of the matter is that work-related stress is the main cause of declined productivity of employees.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
Healthcare organizations do understand the need to determine and handle stress among employees. The healthcare sector vividly understands that job stress is a common occurrence that cannot be avoided by workers in some instances.
SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. In addition, Pearson correlation and Regression was instrumental in the analysis in the sense that it assisted in exploring and making solid conclusions on workplace factors such as poor control of workplace, personal employee issues, lack of flexible hours of work, and total and complicated control by the management. All the aforementioned factors negatively contribute towards the productivity of employees in organizations.
According a report released by World Health Organization, stress symptoms at workplace differ widely but typically include an initial state of stunning, with decreased attention, inability to comprehend stimuli and disorientation. This state may be followed by withdrawal, agitation and hyperactivity.
O’Keefe, L., Brown, K., & Christian, B. (2014). Policy perspectives on occupational stress. Workplace Health & Safety, 62, 432-438. doi:10.3928/21650799- 20140813-02.
Many workers go through occupational stress at one time or another during their tenure. Some of the negative health effects of this type of stress include mental health problems, workplace injuries, mood disturbances, musculoskeletal disorders and cardiovascular diseases. While these health-related complications can be avoided, employers usually incur millions of dollars each year to curtail and/or treat the conditions on behalf of employees. Hence, it is necessary to adopt a preventive rather than a curative approach. Besides, organizational and management changes should be instituted so that both workers and the leadership of organizations can play bi-partisan roles in enhancing occupational safety.
The study article explores and investigates ways and means of improving work life among employees in organizations. In particular, the authors suggest rafts of measures and policies that can be embraced and adopted by organizations in order to improve occupational safety.
In connection to occupational health and safety of workers, the authors also revolve around the functions of occupational health nurses. According to the propositions laid down in the study, policies can be swiftly designed and implemented by nurses with the aim of improving the quality of life in different places of work.
Obiora, C. A., & Iwuoha, V. C. (2013). Work related stress, job satisfaction and due process in Nigerian public service. European Scientific Journal, 9(20), 214-232. Retrieved from http://eujournal.org/files/journals/1/articles/1574/public/1574- 4728-1-PB.pdf
From the outset, the above research study keenly explores the experience of workers in a public sector in regards to due process, job satisfaction, and work-related stress. When jobs are self-satisfying, workers definitely gain some sense of belonging. Workplace satisfaction has been debated for many years and while there are straightforward measures that can be adopted and implemented to improve this scenario, numerous organizations still lose productive workers due to lack of satisfaction. Demoralizing factors like family problems, job burnout, difficult seniors, work overload, poor pay and low motivation may remarkably lead to gross job satisfaction. Workers who are strained to the extremes cannot be productive at all. In the long run, workers facing such conditions may end up into stress and consequent depression if the situation is not arrested at the right time.
The research study offers a succinct discussion and description of stress at workplace and how it affects job satisfaction and eventual productivity of employees. The empirical study was carried out in a segment of the Nigerian public service.
Data, methods and analysis
Much of the data used in the study were obtained from relevant secondary academic sources. Moreover, the study employed the Affect theory to expound elements of job satisfaction and workplace productivity among employees affected by stress.
In regards to key findings, work related stress can hardly allow employees to enjoy delivering their duties. In other words, stress impinges negatively on job satisfaction. Second, the Nigerian public service should improve the working conditions of workers because it is appalling. There are identifiable and visible cases of work-related stress in the Nigerian public service. The due process is also being breached in the Nigerian public service. No breaches should be pervaded.
O’Sullivan, E., Rassel, G. R., & Berner, M. (2008). Research methods for public administrators. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
The book has been specifically prepared for public administrators who wish to pursue research methods in administration. All the relevant waterfront aspects of techniques used in research studies have been addressed in the book. Hence, the main purpose of the book is to shed light on research and deeply engage the readers on how various research techniques can be used.
While the topic on research methods is obviously expected to be long, the book does not appear to obey that rule. Nevertheless, it is worth to point that the study was largely meant to be an introductory package for administrators pursing research methods. This explains why most concepts have been handled briefly. Numerous stepwise instructions and engaging texts have been incorporated in the study. Common research methods have been expounded.
The common statistical terms have also been interpreted and applied. A case in point is linear regression.
Thoughtful Evaluation
The book’s general purpose is to create effective and accurate research techniques for administrators. This is necessary because after acquiring research skills, public administrators will be in a position to make valid polices. The development of ethical concerns in research methods in the study is also another critical area of the book because no single research study can be conducted without exercising due diligence in ethical practices. There are two dominant methods of investigating research activities. These are Quantitative and Qualitative research methods. The nature of the problem and its level of depth will determine the choice of method.
Quantitative method is characterized by the use of quantification in information collection procedures. The gathered information is also treated using statistical techniques. The quantitative method is intended to ensure the accuracy of results in order to avoid distorted analysis in interpretations. The qualitative method is often justified to be an appropriate way of understanding the nature of a phenomenon.
Patel, C. (2013). The complete guide to stress management. New York, NY: Springer.
Purpose
Stress is a common occurrence bearing in mind that both creativity and activity can be stimulated by it. The author of the book exemplifies that excessive stress can be hazardous to our lives and therefore, it is necessary to put it under check. As a matter of fact, our various health domains can be affected negatively by stress.
The book is geared towards identifying causes of stress, how to manage stress and possible ways of preventing stressful situations. The manner in which individuals respond to stress vary significantly. In the study, the author widely discusses how stress can lead or trigger illnesses. Examples of terminal medical conditions that can be fueled or worsened by stress include hypertension and cardio-vascular diseases.
A number of relaxation techniques may also be helpful in alleviating stressful situations. The author emphasizes that the quality of life can be significantly improved if elements of stress are minimized to the lowest level.
The author explores aspects such as the meaning of stress, causes and management. Even though stress may be a positive attribute in our lives, it becomes harmful at some point.
Prater, T., & Smith, K. (2011). Underlying factors contributing to presenteeism and absenteeism. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 9(6), 1-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v9i6.4374.
Purpose
Lost productivity can be evaded by employers if appropriate measures are put in place. Modern workplace has massively transformed over the years. When it comes to presenteeism and absenteeism, employers should ensure that workers are available in their workstations the highest number of times. The ability to report to workplaces regardless of ill-health is referred to as presenteeism as indicated by the American Heritage Dictionary. If employees can report to work regularly in spite of other interferences, then productivity can be sustained at all time high. However, when employees habitually do not appear at their respective workplaces, it is referred to as absenteeism.
Key Findings
Past studies reveal that sickness used to the main reason for presenteeism and absenteeism. Nonetheless, the trends have completely changed with the passage of time. There are other reasons that may compel workers to either report or fail to report to duty. For example, lost productivity may be occasioned by employees who do other private businesses by the side. By applying the Chi-square test, a number of variables are found to be depending on each other.
RAND. (2015). Health, wellbeing, and productivity in the workplace. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1000/RR1084/R AND_RR1084.pdf
The report seeks to investigate factors that drive productivity at workplace. Much of the data used in the report was obtained from the Britain’s Healthiest Company contest that was carried out way back in 2014. The organizations which took part in the competition were rated in terms of best practices. The key area of focus in the competition was the manner in which the organizations were handling the health and general wellbeing of employees. The assessed staffs were also examined in terms of their individual levels of productivity.
The wellbeing and productivity of employees in relation to productivity are determined by two main factors namely presenteeism and absenteeism. The two factors are capable of interfering with the work environment. For example, intervention programs that emphasize on promoting health and alleviating stress should be crafted. Besides, personal aspects such as the consumption of alcohol, smoking, and risky lifestyle behaviors can also interfere with the productivity of employees.
Evaluation
The following factors contribute to absenteeism:
Poor infrastructure – Lack of adequate infrastructure that supports employees in performing their duties may also be considered as a factor that contributes to absenteeism. Other factors include intangible goals, poor communication, and organizational climate.
Roelofsen, P. (2012). The impact of office environments on employee performance: The design of the workplace as a strategy for productivity enhancement. Journal of Facilities Management, 1(3), 247-264. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14725960310807944.
A conducive and more comfortable working environment that enhances the working capacity of employees is a crucial requirement and ingredient in the success of organizations. This implies that management teams in organizations are supposed to work hand in hand in providing employees with a more human workplace environment so that they can deliver their duties optimally. Most studies on employee performance concur that the office environment plays a momentous role as far as productivity is concerned.
The above study aims to set key environmental paradigms that employees should be provided with at workplace. For example, the nature of the buildings as well as indoor facilities such as air conditioning systems is of great value in the wellbeing of workers. Both the indoor and outdoor facilities should be designed in such a way that they provide the basic comfort required by employees while discharging their duties.
In particular, the journal article explores the impact of comfort level availed at workplace. Office environments for employees should at least be well equipped with the basic necessities. This implies that the right choices should be made when setting up office or workplace environments. For instance, facility management process should be put into consideration. A case in point is the thermal condition of the room being used by workers.
The author is also emphatic that happy productive employees should be sustained throughout the lifetime of an organization. A great work environment, according to the study journal, does not merely mean the physical environment. Management techniques and company culture also contribute significantly towards the wellbeing of employees at workplace. A beautiful physical office environment with a poor company culture may not make any positive leads in the overall productivity of workers.
Roller, M. R., & Lavrakas, P. J. (2015). Applied qualitative research design: A total quality framework approach. New York, NY: The Gilford Press.
The text explores various approaches to qualitative research designs in quality management of organizational processes. Interpreting, managing and creating this type of research method demand a holistic approach. For instance, it is vital to consider factors such as applications of primary data, limitations, weaknesses and strengths.
One of the outstanding factors to consider when dealing with qualitative research studies is the type of qualitative method used. The authors point out that various approaches such as narrative research, case studies, content analysis, ethnography, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews can be used. However, the choice of these approaches differs all the time depending on the content of study under question.
In addition, the authors observe that the style of implementing each method differs for students and researchers. Nevertheless, the methodologies employed tend to follow consistent format. In order to execute each methodology, there are two main approaches that can be used.
To begin with, Total Quality Framework is a well documented method that can be used. Another approach is that which is paradigm-neutral. Both of these two approaches constitute four interrelated components. This implies that the four components tend to flesh up approaches. They include usefulness, transparency, analyzability, and credibility.
Another interesting feature about the four interrelated components is that they also entail robust discussions on aspects such as verification strategies, researcher bias, inter-researcher reliability, and construct reliability. All these features are fully discussed in the study alongside qualitative research design.
The application of Total Quality Framework has also been explained in the book with special focus on various manuscripts and qualitative research proposals. In order to make the study holistic and comprehensive at the same time, a number of pedagogical features have been incorporated. They entail extensive glossary, preview on every chapter, chapter discussions at the end, effective documentation guideline, case studies and summary tables.
Sherridan, C., & Ashcroft, K. (2015). Work-related stress – what is it, and what do employers need to do to address it. NZ Business, 29(4), 4-5. Retrieved from https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-427422961.html
Purpose
Workplace factors are capable of injecting gross stress to employees. While some employment experts argue that workplace stress is a creation of labor movements, the researchers in this study swiftly point out that work-related stress is a reality that employers should learn to confront and tackle.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
Perhaps, labor unions have used the concept of workplace stress to leverage support while bargaining on behalf of their members. However, the public domain is quite well aware that employees who are overworked and probably underpaid may not be the best lot of workers in any given organization.
Any symptoms of stress that emanate from workplace are roughly known as work-related stress. The study highlights the 1992 Health and Safety in Employment Act that brought the issue of employee comfort and safety at workplace. This piece of legislation describes stress as any entity that may cause either physical or psychosocial harm to an employee. The Act calls for active participation by employers in protecting the welfare and overall wellbeing of workers in order to avoid elements of stress. In any case, stress should be considered a workplace hazard in occupational safety.
As a workplace hazard, the authors of this study point out that stress may be triggered by other workplace hazards that are not necessarily connected to familiar employer issues. For example, negative relationship among employees at workplace is a major cause of stress in most organizations.
Thoughtful evaluation
As much as most employers are usually blamed for most workplace stress concerns, poor relationship among employees is far from it. Other factors aligned to workplace stress include poor control, lack of variety, limited feedback, inadequate training, and issues with tasks.
Sunal, A., Sunal, O., & Yasin, F. (2011). A comparison of workers employed in hazardous jobs in terms of job satisfaction, perceived job risk and stress: Turkish jean sandblasting workers, dock workers, factory workers and miners. Social Indicators Research, 102(2), 265-273. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9679-3.
Purpose
This study aims to draw the relationship between job satisfaction and employee perception of various risks at workplace. In addition, the journal study compares symptoms of stress and the degree of vulnerability of employees from different workplace environments.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
Specifically, factory workers, sandblasting workers, dock workers, and workers in the mines were assessed in this study in order to compare and contrast their stress levels.
During the survey, a total of 220 workers were interviewed. The researchers considered this number to be representative of the segment of workers from various workplaces. From the results of the study, it was established that the jean sandblasting and dock employees felt that they were in a very risky workplace environment unlike other employees. In regards to job satisfaction, Jean sandblasting workers recorded the least scores. Some of the key workplace paradigms considered during the survey included wage levels, workplace autonomy, individual factors, interpersonal relations, physical conditions and policies embraced in organizations. Moreover, the aspect of total job satisfaction was factored during the analysis
Job satisfaction levels were lower for dock workers in comparison to those working in the mines and factory establishments. Additionally, stress symptoms and job satisfaction levels had no gap for factory workers and miners. Workers in the dock and sandblasting departments were among the most stressed individuals.
Likewise, vulnerability to stress was conspicuously recorded among the Jean sandblasting workers compared to other employees from other workplace environments. From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that job satisfaction comprises of several elements that must be put into consideration by employers who desire to boost the productivity of workers.
The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2014). Calculating the cost of work-related stress and psychosocial risks. Retrieved from https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and- publications/publications/literature_reviews/calculating-the-cost-of-work-related- stress-and-psychosocial-risks
The aim of this study is to explore psychological risks and work-related stress in a number of European workplace establishments. There are numerous psychological risks faced by employees in various workplaces. The risks are a major cause of stress to workers and unless the productivity costs of the two are calculated and determined, employees may continue to endure hardships and considerably decline their productivity levels.
Over the past few decades, myriads of positive changes that have taken place in improving the state of employees at different workplaces. For instance, the current occupational safety and health standards in most European labor markets have been remarkably transformed. Significant demographic changes, unique working time arrangements, new types of contractual arrangements, progress in information technology, establishment of free markets, increasing globalization and social-political developments in the international arena have greatly transformed most workplace environments and welfare of employees.
The study posits that the pace of life has been vastly accelerated coupled with constant time pressure and major contributions to job intensification. Both workers and employers are currently at high pressure to remain relevant and competitive due to the numerous societal changes that have taken place over the past few decades.
Global labor changes are rife. Even in cases where trade unions have weak bargaining powers when it comes to employee welfare as well as working terms and conditions, individual employers are striving to make sure that job satisfaction is realized every single day so as to boost and sustain productivity. Although most of the labor changes offer massive opportunities for economic growth and development, the study exemplifies that psychological risks may be exacerbated owing to uncontrolled developments. Eventually, such risks may culminate into other unprecedented psychosocial risks and health outcomes.
Trivellas, P., Reklitis, P., & Platis, C. (2013). The effect of job-related stress on employees’ satisfaction: A survey in health care. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 73, 718-726. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.02.110.
Purpose
This research study investigates the effects of work related stress on employment satisfaction among nurses deployed in healthcare institutions. As a crucial workplace health risk, job stress may jeopardize the wellbeing and productivity of workers. The provision of best quality services in hospitals is largely dependent on the overall conditions of both nurses and doctors.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
Hospitals are expected to deliver superior performance to patients. As custodians of patients’ health, hospital nursing staffs are supposed to be always in their right state physical and psychosocial wellbeing.
The better part of this paper documents a field experimental study. During the experiment, a total of 271 nurses took part as the sample population that was surveyed. All the nurses were working at Greek hospitals at the time of the survey. The researchers closely investigated the degree of impact of various stressors at workplace.
The findings revealed that job satisfaction dimensions are negatively affected by factors such as inadequate job autonomy, heavy workload, and conflict. On the other hand, job security, rewards, rewards and employees’ satisfaction are positively related to poor feedback and inadequate access to information.
Key findings
The healthcare industry treats human resources with utmost care because it depicts the nature and quality of services offered on any single day. However, the quality of care services offered to patients largely rely on the right deployment of staff members who are also motivated and ready to offer the much needed care services.
Thoughtful evaluation
At this point, it can be seen that nursing shortage plays a major subversive role in the delivery of high quality healthcare services to patients. Lack of job satisfaction among nursing staff is in fact contributed by excess workload that is by far and large worsened by nursing shortage.
Vainio, H. (2015). Occupational safety and health in the service of people. Industrial Health, 53, 387-389. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.53-387.
The peer reviewed journal article purposes to discuss the importance of occupational safety and health as well as the role played by medicine in the wider context of health and safety in society. As much as technological advances are rapidly being embraced in most workplace environments, the raw human input is still of great import. As the author points out, work is an essential ingredient in human property and so are workers. Through work, we can access broad and improved opportunities, reduce health inequalities, and generally rise the standard of living. Nevertheless, the changing demographics in most civilizations, increasing the number of workers in various industries is necessary.
A working population can improve its standard of life albeit the many challenges. Hence, the overall health and wellbeing of workers should be taken seriously by both employers and employees alike. This study material also offers a succinct definition and description of classical epidemics, their causes and preventive as well as curative measures. The natural agents that cause most of these ailments and communicable diseases have also been discussed widely in the article.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121.
Purpose
This empirical study examined factors that either impede or enhance job satisfaction using the model referred to as Job Demands-Resources. Optimism, firm-based self-esteem and self efficacy are the three main personal resources that affect the functionality of the above model.
The researchers hypothesized that individual resources perform a number of functions. The functions include creating a link between exhaustion and work demand, relates the well-being of workers and resources available to execute work, and employees’ perception of workplace and their overall wellbeing in terms of occupational health and safety.
Participants, Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis
A total of 714 Dutch employees were used as the study sample in order to test the hypothesis. The findings indicated that personal resources hardly compensate the connection between exhaustion and job demand. In fact, personal resources arbitrated the association between engagement/exhaustion and job resources. Personal resources also affected the general feeling about job resources.
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